Uthman ibn Affan

Uthman ibn Affan, a wealthy and generous early convert to Islam, became the third caliph in 644 CE and presided over one of the most significant achievements in Islamic history: the compilation of a single, standardised text of the Qur'an, copies of which were sent to major cities across the expanding Muslim world. His twelve-year caliphate also saw major territorial expansion, though it ended in political unrest that culminated in his assassination in 656 CE.