Delivered at Mount Arafat in 632 CE during the Prophet Muhammad's ﷺ only complete Hajj, only months before his death, the Farewell Sermon set out lasting principles that still anchor Muslim ethics today. It declared the equality of all people regardless of race or tribe, affirmed the rights of women, abolished exploitative interest-based debt, and proclaimed the sanctity of human life and property as inviolable. Its themes of justice and universal human dignity continue to be cited across the Muslim world.